of the repression of Reformism
begins in the early months of the new phase of the reign of Fernando VII.
be characterized by a harsh policy repressive, a systematic plan of cleansing, terror regime.
Under pressure from European powers with just moderate government headed by the royal confessor Damián Sáez, and the appointment of a reformist ministry clear shade.
The repression will continue until 1827. The new measures taken by the government are:
- The amnesty.
- The organization of the army.
- Reforms of finance, agriculture and administration.
ECONOMIC SITUATION
whole policy of Fernando VII was determined by the bankruptcy estate.
The first attempts at reform were directed toward a general contribution, reform was challenged by considering similar to Garay.
With the new government will emerge the figure of Lopez Ballesteros and finance system, which has two essential characteristics:
- The tax reform.
- The increasing debt.
These two features will be limited by the obligation to adopt a traditional tax system and the rise of European stock.
The most important of the hacienda system (1824) is the administrative reform necessary for the proper functioning of the estate, being able to monitor the performance of local councils, which were in the hands of local elites that defrauding the estate.
indirect taxes levied on consumption will be a burden to taxpayers humble, causing discontent popular.
As a result, will emerge an economic crisis that affect the same situation as the military increases the possibility of unrest leading to an insurrection, as will happen in August 1825 with a volunteer Brihuega realistic directed by Bessieres, which will highlight the government's weakness and threatening the existence of a conspiracy motivated by the dissatisfaction of the sectors most exalted realistic.
Following these events will create the Advisory Board Government, the Duke of Infantado Cea Bermúdez replace the head of the government, and since early 1826 the State Council replaced the Council of Ministers.
The State Council appointed as a solution to the crisis cost reduction. Will abandon the idea of \u200b\u200bmaking the nation a great power to be able to maintain stable social edifice of the old regime, giving up the reforms could lead to revolution (it was an ultra-conservative censorship to the reforms of 1824).
Of note is the creation of the first English-budget reflecting the establishment of strong management, able to sort and organize government revenue and expenditure, not being able to in the Old Regime, with the liberal revolution that laid the groundwork for the reforms that allow an efficient organization of finances, improved and consolidated in the Restoration.
the early nineteenth implementation of the budget was an inescapable necessity for all countries aspiring to maintain a minimum range on the international scene. The opposition of the State Council shows the tensions between advisers and ministers, and among the most reactionary ministers and others with a desire for renewal within the absolutism.
From the moment the government's economic management will depend much less real and will be much more under the control of ministers.
The budget, even in a system, where only absolute moral obligation to the king and there are no adequate audits to monitor their performance "was a step towards administrative centralization and a revolutionary step in the long term consequences as well understood as the Council of State.
His alternative was a series of vague and general measures that served to nothing in the situation of the country (War of the victims) and total declare bankruptcy without the development of agriculture and settlement fees have changed the economic situation.
The budget prevented both bankruptcy and substantial reforms, although it was a conservative trait, since fleeing a sweeping modernization that uses the old regime.
Another important economic issue was the problem of debt, the government of Fernando VII tried to solve with more far reaching and wrong of all, the decision not to recognize borrowings by the Cortes, a political decision imposed by the "ultras" of the regime, which turned against the foreign bankers, who refused to deal with a government that had just declared bankruptcy.
Until 1833 credit dealings with the outside is made through the Paris-based English banker Aguado.
Another important factor contributing to the economic crisis are foreign claims and debts to Holland. To try to solve the problems of the estate, the Old Regime had been resting in the creation of huge masses of debt problem lies with liberal regimes, conditioning its performance.
The problem is not the monarch's greed and rapacity of his colleagues, but the failures in policy approach.
A series of political circumstances, resulting in much of the French Revolution of 1830, and more on the internal crisis of the English monarchy, would disrupt the delicate balance of the Treasury Ballesteros.
- Three political crisis: the unleashed by the triumph of the French Revolution of 1830, could cause infiltration of liberals across the border, the resurgence of liberal attempts (Miura, Torrijos) and the extreme absolutist conspiracy against the government and Fernando VII from Pragmatic Sanction of 1789.
Triple threat that increases government spending and political issues that divert attention from the government:
occurs Ballesteros position to advocate of a semi-reformist path (similar to enlightened despotism), which face the most radical conservatives.
In 1832 the final crisis occurs with a change of government and the events of the farm.
The new government will be led by Cea Bermúdez, foe of ultra group. There would be a break with the past, and that the most spectacular (amnesty or call for cuts) will be imposed by the king. On the hacendístico no change.
The central problem in this decade will be in the increasing costs and the halving of income.
more money was needed to improve management, to support a standing army (guarantee for maintaining social stability). Found the solution in the debt and degradation of the estate, which forced the resignation of the reconquest of the American colonies and the devaluation of the role of Spain in the international context and would enhance the decline of the army and the ruin of the marina, along with agriculture, increasing the tax burden and popular discontent.
errors are useless political reforms (in condemning the policy and economic constitutional triennium could not modernize the administration.)
The absolute monarchy was weaker than generally believed, supported by local elites.
Falling leaves old outstanding problems, compounded with more debt and the costs of civil war.
SOCIAL CONFLICT
The manifestation of this social unrest will occur after 1826, when the relaxation of the intransigence of 1823 will coincide with the policy of cautious " Opening centrist "policy cause between 1827 and 1828 Ultra reaction "aggrieved in Catalonia.
The Strange Rise of the Apostles, on behalf of an absolute monarchy against the absolute monarch (he was instrumental stimulus and ideological channel by certain sectors of the Church, fearing that any connection type illustrated could lead to a reassessment of the confiscation of Church property, the first chapter had been opened during the triennium, and with special importance in Catalonia. As in 1820, the military component will be critical at this juncture in 1827. Volunteers realistic as leaders, and the Catalan peasant soldier. The urban bourgeoisie, the nobility, the most enlightened people stayed away, until the arrival of Fernando VII, when he joined, especially to bring the 1827 decree confirming the protectionism for the textile industry.
Losing the insurrection, the system reaches one of his rare moments of balance, but will only last until 1830, when that occurs the financial collapse, is published the Pragmatic Sanction, which reinstates the female succession produced the French Revolution that will mean a further stimulus to the liberal exiles. Their initial effects riots will be frustrated Valdés, Mila, Milans by the French and in 1831 further attempts on the part of Gibraltar featuring Torrijos.
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