Sunday, December 26, 2010
Thursday, December 23, 2010
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Tuesday, December 21, 2010
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my father finally decided today to put the lights, ornaments and tree Christmas, a little more and put it to the carnival. Tomorrow we start the most special holiday of the year for all they mean, not to mention the matter of gifts, which by itself is already much matter. Hopefully notes go as we hope and let's celebrate these holidays as they deserve. Monday, December 20, 2010
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OPEN LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC JOSE MUJICA "
President of the Republic Don José Mujica
THIS
Mr President, with much astonishment, and heard their statements
law on Friday, November 26, in which blasted the opposition
, trade unions, the "neoliberal" and
"independent", placing you with these statements to
relations between the government and the opposition at their worst, not what their strategy
, but for now he is going wrong. You
Mr. President, in hearing the president speak
FM Private M24 in angrily attacked several actors in society and
remarked that "odds against" the government will not move and
other hand you get angry when others get angry is there is anger and anger
official opposition?. Her voice was altered significantly
accuses you and complains that: "
angry angry,` danger 'cry for democracy and on the other side asking us stick contradictory
firm against all
claims.
accusing you attempt to prophesy that "Ultimately, it seems that love
come the crisis, it seems his eternal bride is the desire to
the existence of the crisis, call as loud "no sir
President, no love or love of the crisis, what is intended
is shocking and what the people want is very simple, so
live in dignity as you and your government elite.
president sent you the opposition red and white and free wronged
but also asked
Uruguayans have given memory stick with and be entertained,
claiming that "since we are asking result
constant and caring and a good part of what we are asking and
ruled yesterday left the country under the conditions that if the Uruguayans had
memory you have to remember and compare "Mr. President is
sure that we remember and now we not only compare but also
to remember old times.
After throwing darts at his former friends
communists and trade unionists against the "neoliberal" he said that: "We will not be pachecato
a leftist." Here
can I do? case and draw on memory and
certain concepts you need to upgrade.
Mr. President, the "pachecato" (I referred to the period
that Mr. Jorge Pacheco Areco ran the government and power)
is neither left nor right, "pachecato "Mr. Mujica was
style government, which in turn praised the General Seregni
and perhaps you should take.
As I said Mr. President, the "pachecato" was neither a
ideology or a philosophy (hence could never inherited) but
was a style of government whereby a man, the president,
conveyed to his people, he administered the government and the power and
well advanced in its period, alone with his people.
During the "pachecato" had a president who endorsed the power and
not diluted between the Communists and the unions, or on the bases.
Perhaps you Mr. President, do not you remember, while you are
moved out of the Constitution and Laws, at the time of
"pachecato" everything is brewing within the Constitution, although you
to increased its activities with the intention that Pacheco de
a coup, in order to justify the actions seditious
started in the 60 But Pacheco was the formation of the Constitution and despite
materialized you free and democratic elections
give power to the rightful winner.
And all this he did not negotiate the abductions and extortions with you
terrorists, today the doctrine of 2010, the world,
of not negotiating with terrorists, was the Pacheco prompting during
mandate before the 70.
With respect I ask that if you and your companions, who both investigated
Pacheco, found a single act of illegality and corruption
, do the public, to corrupt them away and
the Constitution respected. Today
Mr. President, with his nostalgic anarchy,
people do not know where is the power and who manages it, the people perceived to
communists (who have more influence than votes), trade unions,
just let him you the management and maintenance of the "Tower Executive
" (seat of executive power) and as a Presidential Banda
romantic memories of his tenure in the presidency.
I think you Mr. President was not well at the time said
are "oligarchs" who buy cars
kilometer zero and made purchases in the shopping on Saturday November 13,
when There were special discounts and collapsed payment system
some credit cards and that "the oligarchy in this country is buying
130-plus cars per day, in some instances these days that own oligarchy
has busted the ability to sell the supermarkets
"
President, whose term is nostalgic" oligarchs ", but also you
, I suggest looking under your pillow at many oligarchs holders
one of those 130 cars daily, with many belonging to the exclusive elite
"Broad Front government oligarchs" who were happy to see
purposes week enjoying family outings
0 Km and charms and the beaches of Punta del Este.
also gave me great joy to see these "oligarchs government
Frente" walk around the mall and supermarkets
loaded with bags full of different products with their brand new card payments
gold and platinium. Perhaps
shame, Mr. President, you forgot to mention
their "Broad Front government oligarchs" of this administration and previous
national and municipal
bought and are buying their properties in Montevideo, Punta del Este and other
spas which are decorated with memories of many trips
are doing abroad.
And I say something, Mr. President, I have met many of his
"oligarchs" through the social pages of the magazines "Paula" and
"GALLERY" where they leave so glamorous in the pictures
really amazed me as best wielding a glass of whiskey that the 9 mm.
These attitudes of the party oligarchy is not given with their aspiration
that "at the end of the middle class of this country, so important to understand that
live in peace we need justice and equity
, it is understood that in a republic no one is more than
anyone. "
you say that" we have no right to heart to anyone or to impose
no one, but we have to understand the powerful and the powerless, "
here disagree with you Mr. President, because you have to realize
a serious and thorough reform of the state (prior diagnosis of
; situation in the state) and there will have to get chest, as a
reform is like a revolution, it is argued, and as
ago You and his colleagues did not consult the people nor argued their
revolution back in the 60 although for
realize it had to violate the Constitution and laws, murder, kidnapping and theft (expropriate
forgiveness), has today in their hands the most powerful weapon that could have
in the 60 and 70, today is holding the National
wise Constitution and the laws that protect him, then proceed, meta
chest and take off off those who are plotting against the welfare of people
.
already spent 10 months in office and people just go the traditional
rant but do not see reality, watch the time passes quickly, the
people think, people suffer, people said, and people punished.
Mr. President, forgive me too spread out in this letter, is reviewing its
that his past and seeing this, I love
imagine their future.
For your future will be better than we imagine, to end
I do know a quote from an American professor known
Lovejoy said and I quote: "He who believes in the indispensability of
freedom, so either academic or political, is not with this strapped to
the conclusion that it is its duty to facilitate their destruction
putting his enemies in strategic positions of power, prestige and influence
"maybe this will serve to reflect who is who in
each count of their environment.
Lovejoy does not stop there and continues, "
conception of freedom is not one that involves the legitimacy and inevitability of
his own suicide. Is on the contrary, a conception which defines
limits of their own applicability, which implies is that there is a
kind of freedom - which is unacceptable "freedom to destroy freedom
." Lovejoy Ends
stating: "The defender of freedom of thought and speech
is subject morally
enter the fray with both hands tied behind his espalda.Y
those who would deny this freedom to others, if they could have no moral or logical basis for claiming
enjoy the freedom they deny "
I think the appointment of Professor Lovejoy, you can reflect and sometime
can you untie their hands and out of his environment
those who can not protect freedom.
Mr Chairman, if you read the letter, thanks for your time, if not
read it, thanks for letting me have the freedom to express my feelings
. Yours sincerely
Jorge Azar - Gómez
Ex Uruguay
representative to UN
Mail: azarjorge@hotmail.com
Saturday, December 18, 2010
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Wednesday, December 15, 2010
Friday, December 3, 2010
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The Flemish baroque painter famous named Anton Van Dyck was born in Antwerp in 1599.
This man while living a common childhood and adolescence, and decides to ten years, with the CONSENT of their parents, start learning painting.
Choose to continue this artistic training in Rubens's workshop, where they exchanged ideas and techniques.
From the year 1618 becomes an independent teacher and begins to work in the studio of Rubens, but this time officially, but the young artist already had a style, with a large pit of Venetian art, influencing Jordaens also, with whom he shares a workshop.
After a time, in 1620, Anton travels to London, and that's where you get a pension that allows you to move to Italy, in order to end to form. There
sets the main guidelines of his portraits, which activity is more Dick Van known, and put it into activity.
Returning to Antwerp, he was appointed court painter and began his career as a portraitist important, which alternates with religious orders inspired by Rubens and Titian, after a while the painter was responsible for a great popularity, receiving important offer of Carlos I of England, made by moving to London. There
makes a significant number of portraits, which are distinguished for their presiación and have come to serve as an influence. Finally
Anton Van Dyck died in 1640, coincidentally when ended with a orders Philip IV had done, but failing to reach an agreement, returns to London where he died.
Tuesday, November 30, 2010
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Viriato was in check for several years in the legions, half a dozen of them inflicted humiliating defeats, went, stirred and almost dominated the two Spains, and further Citerior, killed thousands of Roman soldiers and allies and trusted died , before the poison of betrayal. Can also say that agree died, but that proved his centrist posthumously.
What has certainly captured the imagination of successive generations of readers Celts or less is its superb appearance in the history books. Diodorus of Sicily that account a wealthy man named Astipas granted his daughter to such a Viriato and organized the wedding feast and then forced.
But the boyfriend did not appreciate the gold plate that was exposed in his honor, but, leaning on his spear, gave a speech about how little they were worth the wealth when others-that is, the Romans decided his fate, refused to wash his hands, his bodyguard handed something to eat, called on the bride, went to his horse and left without saying goodbye to his lair in the mountains. Recognize the plasticity of the picture. But his majeza included not a little cruelty. Years later, when Astipas was voluntary hostage to the Romans, claimed and cut his neck. It is the first martyr of the Hispanic in-laws. Viriato
could be born in the Sierra de la Estrella, north of the Lusitania, which stretched for half of what is now Portugal and the surrounding land between Zamora and Badajoz. Strabo had Lusitanians by the most powerful nation among the Iberians, but certainly not the most prosperous era. The endemic banditry shows a clear dependence of looting as a means of maintenance and shortages of fertile land for a population that is not enough grazing and resorted to war feed. Tributes were paid from old probably among the population of the Guadiana and Guadalquivir valleys led them to clash with the Romans when they began to distribute land of Andalusia between settlers, especially after the Second War against Carthage.
Two leaders highlighted against the legions of Rome: Punic, who died in combat, and Caesar, who dominated the entire Betic coast, and planned what would become jumping Lusitanian but not consecuenccias bolder: the passage of the Strait. But the heroic and decisive period of history Lusitanian breath came when the praetor Galba, whose greed and cruelty preceded him, managed to gather Lusitanians elevations, divide them into three groups to gift of land, stripped and then beheaded many of them and sell the rest as slaves. Among those who escaped with slaughter was Viriato, who himself elected leader after a brilliant military career began eight years. There were few when the average age just arrived then at age 30.
Viriato cultivated three basic qualities of the guerrilla: the systematic use of the land to the ambushes, the courage to change the scene of the fighting, thanks to the mobility of their troops, and the ability to act far from their supply bases, which also meant a lot of left hand to make alliances progress and maintenance agreements in the field. Viriato's first win was with Tribol City, southeast of the Guadalquivir, where he faked a retreat that ended flakes and destruction Vetilio troops. It was the year 147 BC. Carpetania then broke, fighting tirelessly towards the north and east to take Segóbriga key city of today is about Cuenca. Then retired to the Mount of Venus, it is the inaccessible roughness of Gredos, and from there became the terror of having dominated Citerior Hispania further. Planci, and Nigidio Unimanio Vetilio succeeded in the list of victims viriatenses. Thus began
a slow and relentless Roman reconquest of lost territories. The settlement of the war allowed the Senate Carthage The getting more men and resources to fight the unbearable Lusitano, also displaying a great diplomatic skills with different Iberian tribes like the fierce vettones and other neighbors. The credit is usually attributed to Viriato, although the common enemy of the tribes had levied a sort of peninsular political and military confederation negligible.
What could not a warrior of the Mount of Venus was to make miracles. In the year 144 BC the Romans gained control of the Guadalquivir valley. Some historians believe that Quintus Fabius Maximus Viriato defeated in Bailen, if this was the place of Baecula. Others put it at the Arapiles, so we do not leave any ambiguity reminiscent of many battles peninsular transcendental, always in the same places.
After the defeat to Fabio Massimo, the Lusitanian leader took refuge in Sierra Morena, missing again, and from there was compared to the great issue of Serviliano and 20,000 soldiers. Viriato managed to beat the legions in a silent war of attrition and hold until the year 142 their positions on what is now Martos (Jaén), then called Tucci. But Fabius Maximus Serviliano and were deprived of their support bases and at 140 was forced to retire Lusitania. Managed to recover, which is the fate of all great generals before the final defeat, and revenge Serviliano in the battlefield. But after the victory he consented to make peace and that was his undoing.
In one of the various truces lamely agreed the two sides since the year 140 BC, Viriato killed his father, a member of the ruling class Lusitanian perhaps had already decided the pact with the Romans. And finally, in 139 BC, was able to receive the offer to be king of an independent Lusitania and ally of Rome. Or maybe the proposal was his and the Romans pretended to accept it on that there is no agreement.
The fact is that three of his envoys, Ditalcón, Audax and Minuro, Roman camp became more gold than they had, and win it Viriato stabbing. According to legend, killed the hero, the murderers returned for his and the Romans, miserly, he responded: "Rome does not pay traitors." The phrase is remarkable but apocryphal. Viriato died, his warriors paid tribute to singing hymns, slaughtering animals and fighting for couples over his grave, the burial of the first formula in those centuries tremendous. Once burned his body on the pyre ritual, fanned the ashes and fire off the big night, the Lusitanian found-perhaps not wanting no successor Viriato search-and were going into the Roman orbit. They opened and
the way for the immediate domination of the Celts of the northern plateau, a strategic key of the peninsula and whose last pocket of resistance was Numancia, who surrendered in less heroic terms of which the legend, just five years after death Viriato. So we can say that with him died the old Iberia and Hispania, entered into history.
Saturday, November 6, 2010
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Wednesday, November 3, 2010
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The historical fact indisputable is the definitive conquest of Carthage by Musa ben Nusayr to 698. From Carthage the Muslim fleet crosses the western Mediterranean, as Arab sources quoted marine incursions into Sicily, Sardinia, Balearic Islands and, of course, al-Andalus. Meanwhile, the decadent Toledo Visigothic monarchy debate into anarchy after the death of Witiza (710) and the usurpation of the crown by King Rodrigo.
The chronology of the Arab conquest of Hispania is very contradictory and confusing. On the Muslim side there are four players as questionable authenticity stories: Musa ben Nusayr, emir of North Africa, appointed by the Caliph of Damascus Tarif, Tariq, governor of Mauritania, and Mugit al-Rumi. On the Christian side there are four players: Rodrigo, King, Julian, governor of the Straits; Teodomiro, governor of the Carthaginians, and the children of Witiza.
According to Arab sources, Count Julian opened negotiations with Musa to show the weakness of the Visigothic monarchy and invite him to land on the Peninsula. By the way avenge their honor tarnished by the rape of his daughter by the king. Count Don Julian was Gothic lineage, as evidenced by the existence of his descendants settled in the Cordoba Caliphate.
Then Musa sent a Berber called Tarif, who landed on an island with four ships, 400 men and 100 horses. Thereafter he received his name and called Tarifa. North African and Arabic texts, of course, the East did not mention this character and even a Hispano author says Tarifa is named after the founder of a later Muslim heresy and the heretic was also called Tarif. I believe that historians and traditionalist Muslims have invented Tarif figure to explain the etymology of Tarifa.
After this course landing Tarif, Musa ben Nusayr sent his lieutenant Tariq, who landed with 1,700 men, 7,000 or 12,000, according to Arab sources, mostly Berbers, a mountain that took his name, ie Tariq Chabal, or Gibraltar, in the spring of 711. Arab genealogists have made him a Persian, a Berber or Arabic and have given very different genealogies. Arab sources do not agree or the number of combatants who participated in the landing, or chronology, or the exact location of the landing or the route followed. Most of them said that the Muslims arrived in several waves ashore in time for the last king of the Visigoths came with his troops from the north of the Peninsula, where fighting the Basques.
The fighting lasted a week, from 19 July 711 until the 26th of the same year and ended with the defeat and death Rodrigo. The venue featured in the Islamic sources with several names: Wadi Lakk or Rio del Lago, traditionally identified with the Guadalete; Wadi-l-Buhayra or Rio de La Albufera, which may correspond to the Barbate river or lagoon La Janda; Siduna Wadi, Rio de Sidonia, which may be the same Barbate; Wady Umm Hakim, River Umm Hakim, name of a slave who accompanied Tariq and it left on an island that also got its name: Wady Bakka, River Scholarship or Mecca, which may be the Barbate or a misreading of Wady or Guadalete Lakka; Wadi-l-Tin, Mud River, where the king was drowned Rodrigo, and Wadi-l- Sawaqi, River of Ditchingham.
Before his victory, Tariq had occupied the farm of Qartachanna, where according to Muslim tradition, a companion of Muhammad founded the first mosque in the Iberian Peninsula, while the Count Julian kept the rear in its stronghold of al-Chazira al-Khadra. Qartachanna has been identified by the Arabs with the ancient Carteya, current Tower of Cartagena, between Algeciras and Gibraltar and Chazira al-Khadra al- to Algeciras. I believe that Julian was lord of Cadiz and al-Khadra al-Chazira is a simple Arabization Gadeira Island, ie Isle of Cadiz, famous in the ancient world as the western boundary of the known world.
Tuesday, November 2, 2010
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So all this bridge challenge to bad weather and we escaped to know the neighboring Asturias, visiting Oviedo, Gijón, Lastres, Cudillero, Gang de Onis, Covadonga, etc. .. and several museums really cool as the Immigration Museum Colombres the Railroad Museum and Aquarium Gijón and Mining Museum in the mining which is amazing because you fall into a cage of a mine and walk with a helmet for its galleries, was the one we like, our parents for their part they liked the subject of eating, especially in Cudillero, to us they sent us to a sad rabas while they ate a Seafood from ear to ear to the rhythm of the dances with my sister. Daniela
has already begun at the Academy of Dance with me and now is happy and very satisfied not started because I wanted to do Karate but rather "Boar" is how to up the train.
Wednesday, October 20, 2010
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Jan Rubens, his father was a lawyer and Antwerp alderman. When converted from Catholicism to Calvinism Flanders had to leave for exile in Siegen (Germany), where he was born Paul Rubens. On the death of his father in 1587, his mother returned with her children in Antwerp, returning to convert to Catholicism.
Economic scarcity led to work as a page for the court until he decided to become a painter. His first artistic training was made 1591, with Verhaecht Tobias, a Flemish painter of landscapes. Then formed in the workshop of Adam van Noort and Otto van Veen. They were all minor Flemish painters influenced by the mannerism of the sixteenth century Florentine-Roman school.
In 1598, at age 21, concluded his training master passing the exam to the Guild of St. Lucas Antwerp and traveled to Italy to expand his artistic training by studying the works of the Renaissance. In Venice he was attracted by the works of Titian, Veronese and Tintoretto, who have great influence on production. There he met a nobleman who recommended him for work in the court of the Duke of Mantua, Vincenzo Gonzaga, who hired him for a period of nine years.
In 1608, the failing health of his mother forced him to return to Antwerp. He married Isabella Brant in 1609, was considered the most important painter of Flanders and required as a court painter of Austrian Archduke Albert and his wife, Princess English Isabel, who ruled the Netherlands as viceroys for the king of Spain.
Rubens's fame spread to all European courts and received so many orders that had to create at home a large workshop, in which he only performed the initial sketch and final touches while his apprentices charge of the intermediate stages.
In 1628 the Flemish viceroys send it to Spain. Was in the service of Philip IV, who appointed him secretary of his Privy Council and was a mentor to the young English painter Diego Velázquez.
Finally, died on May 30, 1640 en su casa de Amberes, a punto de cumplir los 63 años. Su pintura ha ejercido enorme influencia en otros artistas como Jean Antoine Watteau, Delacroix o Auguste Renoir.
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En los Países Bajos, la zona de la actual Holanda, independiente de hecho desde principios del S. XVII, reconocida por la Paz de Westfalia de 1640, y defensora de los ideales religiosos reformistas, va a generar una escuela pictórica independiente propiciada por la estructura social democrático-burguesa y por la religiosidad protestante. El desarrollo del protestantismo, provoca la casi total desaparición de los imágenes, reduciendo el tema religioso a la representación lack of biblical scenes. The severity of morals and lack of mythological-themed works are another feature of this school.
The bourgeoisie will become customers of a painting that the artist is not going to enjoy the social recognition it enjoys in other areas of the Baroque Europe, the works to decorate the bourgeois units will be of limited size, to while the number of works carried out during this period will be very abundant.
As for the genres that are developed, we can say: the portrait, individual and collective (doelen), the bourgeois interiors and domestic scenes, the genre scenes, landscapes, depictions of animals, marinas and still lifes.
Among the outstanding portraitist Frans Hals (1580-1666): Born in Mechelen
, although his family moved to Harlem, where he will develop his work, is the creator of the group portrait or doelen, it's about painting figures that are a whole, to relate, to communicate with each other. They are portraits of corporations, where managers of these entities wanted to perpetuate their way through them, as the Banquet of the Officers of the Militia of San Adrián (1627), the San Jorge Arcabuceros (1639) and Hospice Nursing Regents (1664). At first Hals, painted portraits of people stranded, with a lively and cheerful colors, then their colors are reduced to shades serious, with predominantly white and black. His ability to play on the psychology of the portrayed figures is characteristic.
But the most important painter of the Netherlands is, of course, Rembrandt Van Rijn (1606-1669). Among the salient features of his style, we can say:
- The influence of Caravaggio on realism and the use of light.
- Employment of chiaroscuro that degrades in golden shadow. Light has symbolic and psychological value, while formal.
- Use of forms suggested by dense and large patches.
- Stroke loose and big, thick impasto.
- realism imbued with idealism and spirituality.
- Concern for capturing the psychology of the sitter, your mood.
- Wide variety of topics: religious, mythological, portraits, group portraits, still lifes, landscapes.
Artist of great culture, became interested in various subjects, these are some of his most significant works:
mythological theme: Danae (1636).
historical topic: Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer (1653).
Religious theme: Dinner with Emmaus (1628-29), Denial of St. Peter (1660), The Descent (1634). Topic
manners: Young bathing (1655), flayed Ox (1655). Individual Portraits
: several self-portraits Saskia's portrait painter.
collective Portraits: Night Watch (1642), The Trustees of the Drapers (1661), The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp (1632).
addition of oil on canvas, Rembrandt excelled as recorder using the technique of etching.
Thursday, October 14, 2010
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Saturday, October 9, 2010
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WAR OF INDEPENDENCE: CAUSES
served
Figure ideological justification for the independence wars in Latin America, but it was exactly the cause that originated it. Various circumstances influence to bring about this event:
The strong control of the Bourbons in all aspects of life in the colonies.
The development of bureaucracy as a sign of centralization of administrative functions of the colony, which caused the loss of municipal liberties.
The exclusion of Creoles from public office (in order to minimize its power.)
Economic development based on dependency. High taxes
.
The lack of resources to maintain the empire (Spain did not have adequate military force and not producing enough to meet the demands and economic needs of their colonies.).
These situations triggered great tension and unrest among the various sectors of the English colonies. However, the Indians, blacks and mulattos were the most affected, as were oppressed, and also by the dominant Creole class. BACKGROUND
Given the overwhelming social, and from mid-eighteenth century, developed serious internal convulsions which showed the class struggle and the decadent colonial administration. Some of the most significant movements are:
Rise of residents from Paraguay, a movimientode an economic and political program to combat the power of the Jesuits, who controlled the colonial economy, and regulated the trabajoindígena. The protection of the Jesuits for the Indians provoked clashes with landowners who wanted dominiosobre the land ruled by the Jesuits, and of concern have access to labor Guarani. For this reason, landowners rose in rebellion against the domination of the Jesuits. Launching Clatayud
in Cochabamba, a mestizo and urban uprising against the tax required to Indians and mestizos. Although established to pay tribute every social sectors, it fell over on the Indians. In an attempt to equate these payments, the English government decided that the Indians and mestizos, should pay the same. This action by the colonial government showed social differences between Indians and mestizos, and for this reason, urban mestizo rose against the tax.
Lifting Catari brothers, an uprising against the abuses of the tax collectors and distribution.
The revolt against Guipuzcoana Company of Caracas, a survey of the landed aristocracy against the monopoly exercised by the company, and. absolute control over the pricing of products, which affected the economic development of Creole merchants.
The Indian uprising of Jose Gabriel Tupac Amaru, the abuses of the half and compulsory labor. This was proclaimed Emperor of Peru, and declared abolished the divisions and the mita. Mita Indians in the working conditions were terrible, because it meant working long hours with only one hour of rest. Also, they were poorly fed, and led to a coincidence of circumstances. high incidence of mortality. He also produced the depopulation of indigenous regions, the migration of workers fleeing the mita.
All these uprisings failed for lack of technical and organization of military armaments.
SPANISH POLITICAL CONFLICT
the Napoleonic invasion of Spain is considered the precipitating cause of the war of independence. The French invasion Spain accounted-for-loss of the unit monarchy since King Charles IV and Ferdinand VII was forced to abdicate the crown in favor of Joseph Bonaparte.Con the French occupation, the English empire faced a sharp international and domestic crisis : the American colonies reaffirmed their loyalty to the king of Spain, Fernando VII, and-following the example of Spain in Venezuela, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Chile and other colonial territories, settled together swearing allegiance to the Board of Seville. Despite the initial support in America, was beginning to take shape a crisis of loyalty: who would be loyal? "The king or the Board? In the absence of the monarch, did Spain power over the colonies? , The Creole elite of Mexico found that, in the absence of the king, Spain had no right to exercise over America.
Based on the principle that sovereignty resides in the native institutions, the colonies began to make their own political decisions, which implicitly represented a separation from Spain. In 1810, established the Supreme Council Caracas Caracas, composed of members of the colonial elite and the Municipal Council. While the Board declared its allegiance to the king, however, determined to control and govern the colony without the authorization of the English government. It was evident that the colonial elite was unwilling to abide by the metropolitan authority at a time, which clearly reflected the weakness of the English empire. Therefore, the Creole elite took the international situation and the weakness of Spain to declare independence.
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE: Armed Struggle. CIVIL WAR.
War of the English American independence was bloody, fierce, and revealed the internal power struggles among the Creole elite. The ruling class was divided into different power groups: patriots realistic, centralist, federalist, moderates, liberals and conservatives. For example, in Chile, the National Congress was divided into two groups: moderate and pro-independence (led by Bernardo O'Higgins). In Venezuela, the National Congress was also political differences between the groups, however, groups in favor of independence dominated. Francisco de Miranda and Simón Bolívar (both independence) organized in 1810, the Patriotic Society, to achieve separation. Venezuela declared independence in 1811, and drafted a constitution that took the form of federal republic, similar to the U.S. Constitution. Internal conflicts and the mobilization of the English forces stifled and suppressed the First Republic of Venezuela. Given the failure of Venezuela, and unlikely to gain the support of New Granada for the recovery of Venezuela, Bolívar decided to exile in Jamaica.
In Mexico, the popular sectors most affected by fighting between Creoles and Spaniards were Indians and mestizos. Given the appalling social and economic conditions of indigenous farmer, Father Miguel Hidalgo rose in rebellion in 1810. The Grito de Dolores started the war of independence from Mexico. This movement was essentially indigenous and peasant, and lacked the support of key sectors such as the Creole elite iglesiay. Defeat and death of Hidalgo, in 1811, José María Morelos took up armed struggle. For 1813, it convened the Congress of Chilpancingo, and raised the absolute independence of Mexico. The cause of freedom in Morelos was cut in 1815, being captured and executed.
In the region of La Plata (Buenos Aires), the fight between Creoles and Spaniards were affected by other external forces that put pressure on the region: England. In the years 1806 and 1807, La Plata was occupied by England. This occupation caused a crisis in the colonial administration, but also stimulated the nationalist spirit of the locals, and became relievela fragility of the English empire. The only colony in South America continued membership and loyalty to Spain was Peru. Reasons of social and racial contributed to this fact: the Peruvian Creoles preferred to retain the loyalty to Spain, fearing an alliance between the mestizos and Indians, who were numerically superior to them, because the alliance could endanger their interests economic and social.
In the Caribbean, Puerto Rico and Cuba also remained loyal Spain. However, in both islands, began to take shape a movement for independence. In Puerto Rico, for example, there was great sympathy for the libertarian cause, and the Puerto Rican people refused to participate militarily against the American brothers. Expresses solidarity to Cuba and Puerto Rico to the War of Independence, Spain decided to strengthen the repressive system in the islands to prevent revolutionary upheavals, and managed to retain the islands.
Central American colonies also rebelled against Spain. In fact, the first province to declare independence was El Salvador. Unlike Mexico, the American rebellion was fundamentally elitist, and had little grassroots participation. In 1823, the kingdom of Guatemala, composed of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica declared independence and in 1824 organized the Federal Republic of Central America. However, the Central American Federal Republic faced serious difficulties that eventually led to the breakdown that led to the nations we know today. By 1815, it appeared that the independence movement in the English colonies had failed. In 1816, Pablo Morillo expeditionary forces cracked down hard to New Granada and Venezuela. Despite the anti-revolutionary reaction, began to emerge resistance forces, as guerrillas. The independence movement was reborn as the great triumph of the Battle of Boyacá, which was released in New Granada, and proclaimed the formation of the Republic of Gran Colombia, consisting of Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador. Bolivar tasked to free the Ecuador General Antonio José de Sucre, and it was completed in 1822.
While the Bolivarian struggle intensified in northern South America, Chile, the royalist forces controlled the region, and corresponded to José de San Martínla liberation of this country. In the battle of Chacabuco, 1817, San Martín defeated the English, but in the battle of Maipú when San Martín became independent in the region. The triumph of the revolution in Chile allowed the establishment of a government led by O'Higgins, and with your support, San Martin produced the campaign to conquer Peru. In that year, Agustín de Iturbide, Mexico, proclaimed the Plan de Iguala, which declared independence from Mexico. The meeting of Bolivar and San Martin was in Guayaquil. As a result of the interview, San Martín resigned his office, he returned to Chile, and moved permanently to Europe, Bolivar, Sucre appealed for the release of Upper Peru. The Battle of Ayacucho ended the wars of independence, and with the independence of Upper Peru, Bolivia was born.
Unlike the wars of independence from the English colonies, Brazil's independence was not as devastating. Brazil became the headquarters of the Portuguese government when Napoleon occupied Portugal, and this presence was important in the development of the colony: Rio de Janeiro grew stronger financially and Portugal allowed economic reforms in Brazil, benefiting Brazilian merchants. On the political side, Brazil was governed as an autonomous state, however, in 1820, occurred in Portugal, an uprising that demanded the convening of courts and the return of King Joao VI. Before the return of the king, the proposed cuts to revoke the autonomous government of Brazil, and this led to the heir to the throne of Portugal, Pedro de Braganza, based in Brazil, ruled against the government of Portugal. This determined rise in rebellion, declared independence and became the first emperor of Brazil.
AFTER THE WAR
The struggle for independence had serious implications for the newly independent territories: independence is not assured an end to civil wars and regional conflicts were exacerbated after the war. Social and racial tensions that prevailed during the war polarized societies in new countries. The political power of independent nations was weak, and promoted the development of warlordism. Although the war ended the monopoly
Sunday, October 3, 2010
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Isabel I of Castile was born on April 22, 1451 at the Church of San Miguel located in Segovia. From small, and after losing his father, he went to live with her mother and brother. Due to economic hardship in his childhood, led a life of suffering humlide well with the character of his mother who had mental disorders. However, since very little was fully Catholic education, which would form as a strict person in religious matters and somewhat stoic, because everything that happened was the will of their Lord God. His life also was marked by many important political events such as call War of English Succession was placed in the side that faced his niece Juana, and As we know, ended in victory for the faction of Isabel. It was during those early years of the war (1475-80) as the young matured getting to learn what it was dirty politics.
From young, in addition, Isabel, as any member of the nobility was surrounded by suitors linked to the nobility, rising some as Alfonso of Portugal, and Juan de Aragon. Finally, John II of Aragon, but insisted that he was marrying, Isabel would commits itself at least his son Ferdinand, who eventually would be chosen. If however, the two were distant cousins \u200b\u200band Papa never would grant approval. One of the Borgia, Rodrigo, addressed the Supreme Pontiff faking a papal bull. Against all odds, in the end get married Isabel Fernando, who really wanted, October 19, 1469 at the Palacio de los Vivero de Valladolid. Fernando, to hold the crown of Sicily and as Prince of Gerona, generated a promising future for the English crown.
The December 13, 1474 Elizabeth I is crowned Queen of Castile in Segovia. It was a good sovereign once settled in the government and took over the country before her husband, who was more a complementary part. He was always like a woman confident and firm in their decisions. She was willing to liberate their homeland completely domain the Moors and in fact did so, fighting tirelessly to that end. On the other hand, was Christopher Columbus at the time, promising to be responsible for giving the necessary attention to your proposal, once taken up throughout Spain. It was not the only thing which happened during his regime, it also established the Inquisition in 1480. Twelve years later, religiously unified the crown of Spain, driving out Muslims and Jews.
That same year, Christopher Columbus gives all funds, putting all their hopes on this trip. In fact, everything fell into place and Columbus reached America. Later to this good news, they signed the Treaty of Tordesillas. The treasures brought by the English ships were unable to save the crown of the disaster and the time allowed in Spain, with the dominance of Castile, will launch other wars in the continent such as the continuing friction that was with Italy, to mention an example . The achievements of both sovereigns were not unknown, especially for the Pope, who was pleased with how Castilla, Aragon, and other houses were joined to strengthen those parts of the infidels, in addition to the import of Catholicism to the New World, and the fight against heresy by the Holy Office of the Inquisition, which in future could represent Spain as a country strong and ultra-Catholic. Of course, other virtues also considered Catholic and the expulsion of the Moors and Jews from Spain, were applauded by the Pope. Therefore given the affectionate title of Catholic Kings.
The marriage capitulations, Fernando pledged from the beginning to reside next to Elizabeth in Castilla and not out of the kingdom without their consent, also agreed not to deviate from Isabel to children who may have and especially without their firstborn express permission. Among other agreements that were sensible and well basted which lasted until the death of Elizabeth, crowned and proclaimed Queen of Castile in December 1474, the death of her brother she always kept the respect.
After the fifteenth century, the balance of social and political management of the Catholic Kings, his reign his renowned historical and full action of government, was formed mainly by successes and victories. The reunification of Spain, in the absence of the kingdom of Navarre would take some years to join the rest, was a reality, justice and prosperity were remarkable and significantly unfolded, the English treasury overflowed with no need to resort to tax increases, is had led to the formation of a new class of servers in the kingdom chosen on merit, not privilege blood, the Church tried to reform within the Union and the English empire stretched across Europe and the newly discovered New World.
The November 26, 1504, Queen Elizabeth I died in his palace in the town of Medina del Campo. When the time of death was she prepared to receive it. Made it clear that lavish expenditures are not made for burial, to be spent on alms and clothing the poor what was spent on his funeral, and not embalmed but his body was dressed in a Franciscan habit and deposited in a grave with a simple low slab in the convent of San Francisco de Granada
Sunday, September 26, 2010
Hard Cervix A Week Before Period Is Due
When On Bill Of Sale Ontario Say As Is
was the son of Marcus Annaeus Seneca the rhetorician, born in Córdoba Year 4 d. C. Soon he went to Rome with his family and there ended his rhetorical training, jurist and philosopher. Was devoted to advocacy, especially for its skillful speaker. He travels around the world and was named prefect of the Emperor Claudius. Suffered exile in Corsica for eight years for reasons not yet sufficiently clear and was appointed tutor to Nero. Accused before the emperor envious of his high office and his fabulous fortune, Seneca left the courtroom, but again accused of involvement in a conspiracy against the emperor, was sentenced to death. He committed suicide by slashing his wrists and drinking the hemlock stoically in accordance with their doctrine. Seneca is the most important representative of the stoa or Stoic philosophy in his last year with her fundamentally ethical concerns, to the extent that they have tried to establish a contact between him and early Christianity, originating from a correspondence with the Apostle Paul. It is a practical philosopher rather than a theoretical or systematic. It departs in many parts of stoicism, accepting elements from the cynicism and Epicureanism, which resulting in eclectic moralist concerned about philosophy as it means teaching and comfort for life. This is, in short, the "Senecan". Seneca
separates the study of nature: natural philosophy, the study of man, ethics, religion-tinged. Ethics serve to seek comfort from the evils of this resignation to suffering and death.
Seneca rejects Greek and Roman mythology, deeming it unworthy of the divine. The Universe is an organic whole and must be dominated by a single being, God, Jupiter. The deities are but aspects and characters of this supreme being. The conscience must act according to what each moment demands of us the order of the universe. That is the Destination. The rest is attributable to the passion or the fortune, at random.