HOPI PEOPLE REGARDLESS OF THE SPANISH COLONIES OF AMERICA 
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE: CAUSES
served
Figure ideological justification for the independence wars in Latin America, but it was exactly the cause that originated it. Various circumstances influence to bring about this event:
The strong control of the Bourbons in all aspects of life in the colonies.
The development of bureaucracy as a sign of centralization of administrative functions of the colony, which caused the loss of municipal liberties.
The exclusion of Creoles from public office (in order to minimize its power.)
Economic development based on dependency. High taxes
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The lack of resources to maintain the empire (Spain did not have adequate military force and not producing enough to meet the demands and economic needs of their colonies.).
These situations triggered great tension and unrest among the various sectors of the English colonies. However, the Indians, blacks and mulattos were the most affected, as were oppressed, and also by the dominant Creole class. BACKGROUND
Given the overwhelming social, and from mid-eighteenth century, developed serious internal convulsions which showed the class struggle and the decadent colonial administration. Some of the most significant movements are:
Rise of residents from Paraguay, a movimientode an economic and political program to combat the power of the Jesuits, who controlled the colonial economy, and regulated the trabajoindígena. The protection of the Jesuits for the Indians provoked clashes with landowners who wanted dominiosobre the land ruled by the Jesuits, and of concern have access to labor Guarani. For this reason, landowners rose in rebellion against the domination of the Jesuits. Launching Clatayud
in Cochabamba, a mestizo and urban uprising against the tax required to Indians and mestizos. Although established to pay tribute every social sectors, it fell over on the Indians. In an attempt to equate these payments, the English government decided that the Indians and mestizos, should pay the same. This action by the colonial government showed social differences between Indians and mestizos, and for this reason, urban mestizo rose against the tax.
Lifting Catari brothers, an uprising against the abuses of the tax collectors and distribution.
The revolt against Guipuzcoana Company of Caracas, a survey of the landed aristocracy against the monopoly exercised by the company, and. absolute control over the pricing of products, which affected the economic development of Creole merchants.
The Indian uprising of Jose Gabriel Tupac Amaru, the abuses of the half and compulsory labor. This was proclaimed Emperor of Peru, and declared abolished the divisions and the mita. Mita Indians in the working conditions were terrible, because it meant working long hours with only one hour of rest. Also, they were poorly fed, and led to a coincidence of circumstances. high incidence of mortality. He also produced the depopulation of indigenous regions, the migration of workers fleeing the mita.
All these uprisings failed for lack of technical and organization of military armaments.
SPANISH POLITICAL CONFLICT
the Napoleonic invasion of Spain is considered the precipitating cause of the war of independence. The French invasion Spain accounted-for-loss of the unit monarchy since King Charles IV and Ferdinand VII was forced to abdicate the crown in favor of Joseph Bonaparte.Con the French occupation, the English empire faced a sharp international and domestic crisis : the American colonies reaffirmed their loyalty to the king of Spain, Fernando VII, and-following the example of Spain in Venezuela, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Chile and other colonial territories, settled together swearing allegiance to the Board of Seville. Despite the initial support in America, was beginning to take shape a crisis of loyalty: who would be loyal? "The king or the Board? In the absence of the monarch, did Spain power over the colonies? , The Creole elite of Mexico found that, in the absence of the king, Spain had no right to exercise over America.
Based on the principle that sovereignty resides in the native institutions, the colonies began to make their own political decisions, which implicitly represented a separation from Spain. In 1810, established the Supreme Council Caracas Caracas, composed of members of the colonial elite and the Municipal Council. While the Board declared its allegiance to the king, however, determined to control and govern the colony without the authorization of the English government. It was evident that the colonial elite was unwilling to abide by the metropolitan authority at a time, which clearly reflected the weakness of the English empire. Therefore, the Creole elite took the international situation and the weakness of Spain to declare independence.
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE: Armed Struggle. CIVIL WAR.
War of the English American independence was bloody, fierce, and revealed the internal power struggles among the Creole elite. The ruling class was divided into different power groups: patriots realistic, centralist, federalist, moderates, liberals and conservatives. For example, in Chile, the National Congress was divided into two groups: moderate and pro-independence (led by Bernardo O'Higgins). In Venezuela, the National Congress was also political differences between the groups, however, groups in favor of independence dominated. Francisco de Miranda and Simón Bolívar (both independence) organized in 1810, the Patriotic Society, to achieve separation. Venezuela declared independence in 1811, and drafted a constitution that took the form of federal republic, similar to the U.S. Constitution. Internal conflicts and the mobilization of the English forces stifled and suppressed the First Republic of Venezuela. Given the failure of Venezuela, and unlikely to gain the support of New Granada for the recovery of Venezuela, Bolívar decided to exile in Jamaica.
In Mexico, the popular sectors most affected by fighting between Creoles and Spaniards were Indians and mestizos. Given the appalling social and economic conditions of indigenous farmer, Father Miguel Hidalgo rose in rebellion in 1810. The Grito de Dolores started the war of independence from Mexico. This movement was essentially indigenous and peasant, and lacked the support of key sectors such as the Creole elite iglesiay. Defeat and death of Hidalgo, in 1811, José María Morelos took up armed struggle. For 1813, it convened the Congress of Chilpancingo, and raised the absolute independence of Mexico. The cause of freedom in Morelos was cut in 1815, being captured and executed.
In the region of La Plata (Buenos Aires), the fight between Creoles and Spaniards were affected by other external forces that put pressure on the region: England. In the years 1806 and 1807, La Plata was occupied by England. This occupation caused a crisis in the colonial administration, but also stimulated the nationalist spirit of the locals, and became relievela fragility of the English empire. The only colony in South America continued membership and loyalty to Spain was Peru. Reasons of social and racial contributed to this fact: the Peruvian Creoles preferred to retain the loyalty to Spain, fearing an alliance between the mestizos and Indians, who were numerically superior to them, because the alliance could endanger their interests economic and social.
In the Caribbean, Puerto Rico and Cuba also remained loyal Spain. However, in both islands, began to take shape a movement for independence. In Puerto Rico, for example, there was great sympathy for the libertarian cause, and the Puerto Rican people refused to participate militarily against the American brothers. Expresses solidarity to Cuba and Puerto Rico to the War of Independence, Spain decided to strengthen the repressive system in the islands to prevent revolutionary upheavals, and managed to retain the islands.
Central American colonies also rebelled against Spain. In fact, the first province to declare independence was El Salvador. Unlike Mexico, the American rebellion was fundamentally elitist, and had little grassroots participation. In 1823, the kingdom of Guatemala, composed of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica declared independence and in 1824 organized the Federal Republic of Central America. However, the Central American Federal Republic faced serious difficulties that eventually led to the breakdown that led to the nations we know today. By 1815, it appeared that the independence movement in the English colonies had failed. In 1816, Pablo Morillo expeditionary forces cracked down hard to New Granada and Venezuela. Despite the anti-revolutionary reaction, began to emerge resistance forces, as guerrillas. The independence movement was reborn as the great triumph of the Battle of Boyacá, which was released in New Granada, and proclaimed the formation of the Republic of Gran Colombia, consisting of Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador. Bolivar tasked to free the Ecuador General Antonio José de Sucre, and it was completed in 1822.
While the Bolivarian struggle intensified in northern South America, Chile, the royalist forces controlled the region, and corresponded to José de San Martínla liberation of this country. In the battle of Chacabuco, 1817, San Martín defeated the English, but in the battle of Maipú when San Martín became independent in the region. The triumph of the revolution in Chile allowed the establishment of a government led by O'Higgins, and with your support, San Martin produced the campaign to conquer Peru. In that year, Agustín de Iturbide, Mexico, proclaimed the Plan de Iguala, which declared independence from Mexico. The meeting of Bolivar and San Martin was in Guayaquil. As a result of the interview, San Martín resigned his office, he returned to Chile, and moved permanently to Europe, Bolivar, Sucre appealed for the release of Upper Peru. The Battle of Ayacucho ended the wars of independence, and with the independence of Upper Peru, Bolivia was born.
Unlike the wars of independence from the English colonies, Brazil's independence was not as devastating. Brazil became the headquarters of the Portuguese government when Napoleon occupied Portugal, and this presence was important in the development of the colony: Rio de Janeiro grew stronger financially and Portugal allowed economic reforms in Brazil, benefiting Brazilian merchants. On the political side, Brazil was governed as an autonomous state, however, in 1820, occurred in Portugal, an uprising that demanded the convening of courts and the return of King Joao VI. Before the return of the king, the proposed cuts to revoke the autonomous government of Brazil, and this led to the heir to the throne of Portugal, Pedro de Braganza, based in Brazil, ruled against the government of Portugal. This determined rise in rebellion, declared independence and became the first emperor of Brazil.
AFTER THE WAR
The struggle for independence had serious implications for the newly independent territories: independence is not assured an end to civil wars and regional conflicts were exacerbated after the war. Social and racial tensions that prevailed during the war polarized societies in new countries. The political power of independent nations was weak, and promoted the development of warlordism. Although the war ended the monopoly English, Latin American nations were at the mercy of economic influence U.S. and England, who dominated the Atlantic market. This represented an additional problem, as strong U.S. economic development was too competitive for the newly independent countries. Also, it, the prevailing climate of confusion, disarray and instability. The Congress of Panama did not have the support of all Latin American countries. After independence, nations Latin undergoing serious difficulties of a political and economic rather generated the digression of the states. In addition, foreign powers like the U.S., viewed with great suspicion-Latin American unity, because it could endanger their interests in the region. These reasons explain, in large part, why the Congress of Panama, in 1826, failed its mission, and the Bolivarian dream of a confederation of the new American states remained unfinished.
